Paul Nicholas Tanner
Clinical Director and creator of the Zero Protocol treatment programme, psychologist. Also runs a private practice elsewhere
leadership
Ubud,
Thera Bespoke
A private Bali villa retreat built around one guest, delivered entirely one to one, at a price the operator declines to publish.
AssessedThe clinic has a full assessment in this edition: all ten criteria scored, each with its reasoning, its sources with capture dates, and the gaps we could not close.
Rank #49The clinic's position by public score in this edition.Public score 40The sum of the ten criterion scores, from 10 to 100, using evidence anyone can check, including the clinic's own pages as self-declared statements.TiedAnother clinic has the same public score and shares this rank.
Public evidenceThe headline number is the public score, not the extended score., LROAS 1.0.0, edition 2026-10-01
Public evidenceThe headline number is the public score, not the extended score. · 40
About Thera Bespoke
Thera Bespoke publishes no price, no address, no founding year, no bedroom count, no licence and no accreditation. What it does publish is a named team with degrees, institutions and professional histories, which is more disclosure on people than most operators at this level manage and far less on everything else. The programme is called Zero Protocol, created by the clinical director and delivered entirely one to one at up to fifteen hours of therapy a week, in a villa among the rice fields north of Ubud. The operator states it takes one guest at a time, with a private chef, a dedicated driver and non-disclosure agreements, and no group therapy at any point. That structure is the clinic's real strength, and it is also unproven: there is no bedroom count, floor plan, property specification, register entry or independent inspection to check it against. The operator's own family programme invites the guest's relatives to Bali to take part, so the villa is not a single-occupant environment for part of the stay by design. Psychiatry is consulting rather than resident, one consulting psychiatrist is based in Europe, and no physician, nurse or 24-hour medical cover is named anywhere.
Clinic overview
- Capacity
- The operator states that each programme is crafted for one client at a time and that the entire team focuses solely on one guest and their family during the stay. No bedroom count, floor plan, square metreage, ownership status or address is published, and the experience page refers to villas in the plural, so the claim cannot be checked against premises. UnverifiedStated by the clinic, not yet confirmed by an independent source
- Languages
- No facility language list is published. Individual team pages state Spanish, Bahasa Indonesia, some French and Mandarin among the roster, and the site itself is in English. UnverifiedStated by the clinic, not yet confirmed by an independent source
- Length of stay
- For clients arriving substance-free the operator generally recommends a minimum of four weeks, with six weeks preferable. No fixed package and no maximum is published.
Leadership
The operator names its roster with surnames, degrees, institutions and professional histories, which is the one genuine transparency strength in the file. Eleven of the named people hold a clinical or clinical-support role, alongside concierge, kitchen and guest services staff.
Dean Gustar
Clinical support and supervision
leadership
Dr., PhD Putu Belly Sutrisna
Consulting psychiatrist. Also practises at two hospitals in Denpasar and in private practice
medicine
Dr. Manuel Rodríguez de la Torre
Consulting psychiatrist, international consultants. Based in Ibiza, not resident in Bali
medicine
Dr., PhD Diah Fridari
Consulting psychologist, described as a licensed psychologist in Indonesia and a university lecturer since 2008
psychology
Dr., PhD Thomas A. Budd
Transpersonal psychologist and holistic counsellor
psychology
Daga Cybruch
Gestalt therapist and certified TRE provider, international consultants. Practises in Ibiza and online
psychology
Jon Win Lee
Traditional Chinese Medicine and acupuncture, medical Qi Gong
complementary therapies
Yunita Senjaya
Acupuncturist
complementary therapies
Gusti Ayu Abdi Asrini
Hypnotherapist
complementary therapies
Guru Made Sumantra
Traditional Balinese healer and yoga teacher, sound healing and breathwork
complementary therapies
Yatina Maulida Syam
Executive Concierge
residence service team
Putu Sukiyadnya
Chef
kitchen
Ni Wayan Apring Gaya
Guest Services
residence service team
No professional registration number is published for anyone on the roster. Register lookups on the Indonesian medical register and on the Spanish physician and psychologist registers could not be completed from public pages, so no credential on this roster is confirmed.
Videos
Treatments
Primary Care Retreat
Minimum four weeks recommended, six weeks preferable
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Residential treatment for substance use disorders, addiction and other compulsive coping mechanisms, delivered through the Zero Protocol entirely one to one in a private villa, with up to fifteen hours of therapy a week and no group therapy at any point. The four-week recommendation is framed around clients arriving substance-free, which places the programme after detoxification rather than as detoxification.
Executive Burnout Programme
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For senior leaders under sustained occupational pressure, combining the one-to-one clinical schedule with nervous-system regulation work, yoga, breathwork, sound healing and structured outdoor activity in the rice-field setting. No duration and no schedule is published for it.
Ongoing Care and Recovery
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For clients who have completed primary treatment elsewhere and want to consolidate it. This is the clearest published statement of where the operator sits in the care pathway: a secondary and consolidation setting rather than an acute one. Follow-up Zoom therapy sessions are separately described as built into the treatment cost.
Family Programme
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The operator integrates a component that educates and actively involves family members, inviting the guest's family to Bali to experience the recovery process at first hand. Clinically defensible, and it also means the villa is not a single-occupant environment for part of the stay, by the operator's own design.
Medication Review
Runs through the stay
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The use of medication in the Zero Protocol is described as carefully considered by the consulting psychiatrist in collaboration with the clinical team, with a stated goal of reducing dependency as the client progresses. No prescribing physician is resident on site and no medical detoxification protocol is published.
Prices
No public price found.
Our assessment
There is effectively no independent evidence base. No Google Business Profile rating or review count could be retrieved, which is consistent with an operator that publishes no address, and no Trustpilot profile exists. The only quantified review data found anywhere sits on a commercial directory at a handful of reviews, which is not an evidence base and which this ranking does not count. The operator publishes its own written testimonials, attributed by initials only, which are the operator's own material rather than testimony. No press coverage of any kind was found, in any search: no national, trade or local reporting, and no first-hand bylined account from inside the villa. Nothing suggests review manipulation and no negative review was found, but nothing corroborates the positive material either. One further point a prospective client cannot resolve from public sources: one commercial directory URL variant renders the facility under a "(Closed)" title while the operator's own site is live and was updated in August 2026. Confirm operating status with the operator in writing.
There is effectively no independent evidence base. No Google Business Profile rating or review count could be retrieved, which is consistent with an operator that publishes no address, and no Trustpilot profile exists. The only quantified review data found anywhere sits on a commercial directory at a handful of reviews, which is not an evidence base and which this ranking does not count. The operator publishes its own written testimonials, attributed by initials only, which are the operator's own material rather than testimony. No press coverage of any kind was found, in any search: no national, trade or local reporting, and no first-hand bylined account from inside the villa. Nothing suggests review manipulation and no negative review was found, but nothing corroborates the positive material either. One further point a prospective client cannot resolve from public sources: one commercial directory URL variant renders the facility under a "(Closed)" title while the operator's own site is live and was updated in August 2026. Confirm operating status with the operator in writing.
None found. No national, trade or local coverage of the operator was located in any search, and no first-hand bylined reporting from inside the facility exists. The operator's own brand film is marketing.
None published.
Facility
A private villa near a traditional village north of Ubud, described by the operator as a lavish villa surrounded by terraced rice fields, coconut palms and lush vegetation, in a secret location. A private chef, a dedicated driver and concierge services are listed as amenities for the single guest. Not published: bedroom count, square metreage, plot size, whether the villa is owned or leased, gym or spa specification, the address, or any photograph identifiable to a property. No independent photography, press visit or third-party inspection was located, so the central occupancy claim cannot be checked against the premises. One signal is worth recording because it comes from the operator's own media library rather than a third party: a file published there carries a filename attaching the brand to a named Bali villa group. That is a filename, not a statement, and it is recorded as an unverified indication that the property may be a commercially operated villa rather than a dedicated clinical facility. The setting itself is genuinely strong: terraced rice fields, a traditional Balinese village, and access to volcano treks, water temples, surfing, diving and work with local artists.
Food
Better documented than most in this segment, because the chef is named. He trained at a Bali tourism school and spent ten years designing menus in high-profile Bali restaurants, hotels and villas, and prepares meals blending nutritional guidance with the guest's preferences. The operator describes a gourmet Balinese menu prepared daily from organic, locally sourced ingredients. With one guest, catering is individual by construction. The gaps: no nutritionist or dietitian appears anywhere on the roster, and nutritional guidance is attributed to the chef rather than to a clinical nutrition professional. No dietary testing, micronutrient panel or metabolic profiling is described, no method is published for building the plan, no monitoring during the stay is described, and no food-hygiene certification is published.
Privacy
single occupancy per residence
What is established, on the operator's own pages: one guest at a time, individual therapy only with no group therapy at any point, a private villa with a personal chef and a dedicated chauffeur, an unpublished location, and one named confidentiality mechanism beyond statute in the form of non-disclosure agreements, alongside stated discretion training for clinical and domestic staff. Structurally that would mean a client never encounters another client. What is not established: any way to check it. There is no bedroom count, no floor plan, no property specification, no address, no register entry and no independent inspection. It should be reported as the operator's claim, not as an established fact. It is also qualified by the operator itself: the family programme invites the guest's relatives to Bali to take part, so the villa holds non-clinical third parties for part of the stay by design. The procedural gap: no arrival or departure protocol, no client code names, no encrypted-communications standard, no data-retention or erasure policy, no unmarked-vehicle policy and no external information-security standard is published. Operators in the same single-client segment publish those controls, so their absence here is a choice rather than an industry norm.
Assessed 2026-10-01
Rank #49The clinic's position by public score in this edition.Public score 40The sum of the ten criterion scores, from 10 to 100, using evidence anyone can check, including the clinic's own pages as self-declared statements.TiedAnother clinic has the same public score and shares this rank.
Public evidenceThe headline number is the public score, not the extended score., LROAS 1.0.0, edition 2026-10-01
Public evidenceThe headline number is the public score, not the extended score. · 40
Headline basis: Public evidenceThe headline number is the public score, not the extended score., LROAS 1.0.0, edition 2026-10-01
Public-evidence total: 40
The sum of the ten criterion scores, from 10 to 100, using evidence anyone can check, including the clinic's own pages as self-declared statements. For the licence element of C2 only, it can also use an authority ruling held in our sealed evidence room. It is the only number used for the rank.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium. ProvisionalA check was still open when the edition closed, for example a register lookup or a video not yet received, or evidence under embargo.: C10.
- C1 Client separation and occupancy · 8
The clinic treats one client at a time in a private villa, with no group therapy and a team focused solely on one guest and their family, which is single occupancy per residence and band 8. Confidentiality rests on non-disclosure agreements and stated confidentiality protocols, with staff trained to be discreet. Band 9 is not reached because no arrival and departure separation is published and there is no explicit statement that clients never meet. No contradiction in the clinic's own statements about the model was found, so no deduction applied.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- The plural 'villas' on the experience page does not show a second concurrent client, but concurrency is not explicitly excluded.
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: Each programme is crafted for one client at a time; there is no group therapy and care is bespoke, individual therapy.
- Thera Bespoke: The entire team focuses solely on one guest and their family during the stay, in a private villa with a personal chef, a dedicated driver and a concierge.
- Thera Bespoke: Confidentiality rests on non-disclosure agreements and stated confidentiality protocols, with all clinical and domestic staff trained to be discreet.
- C2 Clinical governance and medical cover · 4
Psychiatric input is stated through a consulting psychiatrist who reviews medication with the clinical team, which supports band 4. The Clinical Director holds psychology degrees rather than being a physician, and the named psychiatrists are consultants with practices elsewhere. No facility licence is shown on a register, 24-hour physician or psychiatrist cover is not established, no on-site withdrawal care or escalation hospital is published, and no accreditation was found. The terms state the programme is not a substitute for medical or psychiatric treatment. These gaps keep the clinic below band 5.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- The SATUSEHAT list covers only active system users, so absence from it is weak evidence.
Sources (7 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: The use of medication in the Zero Protocol is carefully considered by the consulting psychiatrist in collaboration with the clinical team.
- Thera Bespoke: The Clinical Director is described with psychology degrees rather than as a physician, and two psychiatrists are named as consultants, one practising at hospitals in Denpasar and one based in Ibiza.
- Thera Bespoke: The terms and conditions state that the programme is not a substitute for medical or psychiatric treatment.
- JCI accredited organisations search: Search of JCI accredited organisations search. Scope: register entry for the clinic or its operator (accreditation). Result: no record found.
- CARF Find a Provider, location search 'Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia', 500 mi radius: Search of CARF Find a Provider, location search 'Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia', 500 mi radius. Scope: register entry for the clinic or its operator (accreditation). Result: no record found.
- AACI accredited/certified organisations directory: Search of AACI accredited/certified organisations directory. Scope: register entry for the clinic or its operator (accreditation). Result: no record found.
- Kemenkes SATUSEHAT Platform fasyankes list (facilities registered in Ditjen Yankes DFO/SIRS/REG FASYANKES that are active SATUSEHAT users): Search of Kemenkes SATUSEHAT Platform fasyankes list (facilities registered in Ditjen Yankes DFO/SIRS/REG FASYANKES that are active SATUSEHAT users). Scope: register entry for the clinic or its operator (licence class). Result: no record found.
- C3 Diagnostic depth on admission · 3
One assessment element is met: medication is reviewed by a consulting psychiatrist. The pre-admission step is a complimentary Zoom call with no named clinician or stated clinical content, and psychiatric assessment is mentioned without stating when it happens or who performs it. No laboratory work, physical examination, diagnostics or written formulation is published, which holds the clinic at band 3.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: Prospective clients are invited to book a complimentary Zoom assessment. No clinician and no clinical content is stated for it.
- Thera Bespoke: Programmes are said to integrate psychiatric assessment, trauma-informed therapy and nervous-system regulation, without stating when the assessment happens or who carries it out.
- Thera Bespoke: The consultation is described as covering the level of psychiatric services the client may require from the consulting psychiatrist.
- C4 Clinical intensity · 5
The clinic publishes up to fifteen hours per week of one-to-one therapy, with no group work and a team stated as dedicated to one guest during the stay. Because fifteen hours is a ceiling the client selects rather than a typical or minimum figure, it is halved under the counting rule, which gives band 5. No 24-hour clinical presence in the villa is published, which blocks a higher band.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- The fifteen-hour figure is a maximum; actual delivered hours are not published.
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: Up to fifteen hours per week of one-to-one therapy sessions.
- Thera Bespoke: Therapy is individual, not group, with a four-week minimum recommended and six weeks preferable.
- Thera Bespoke: The entire team focuses solely on one guest and their family during the stay. No overnight clinician in the villa is published.
- C5 Continuity and aftercare · 4
Three aftercare elements are met: follow-up Zoom therapy sessions built into the treatment cost, support for the transition home, and remote contact. The Ongoing Care and Recovery programme serves people treated elsewhere rather than acting as step-down for the clinic's own clients. No written discharge plan, stated duration, same-team continuity or post-discharge psychiatric review is published, which holds the clinic at band 4.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: Follow-up Zoom therapy sessions are built into the treatment costs.
- Thera Bespoke: Regular Zoom sessions after treatment are described as helping clients navigate the transition home.
- Thera Bespoke: The Ongoing Care and Recovery programme supports individuals who completed initial treatment elsewhere, rather than being described as step-down for the operator's own clients.
- C6 Admission integrity and commercial conduct · 4
A sweep of the operator's pages found no self-ranking, no press wall, no award presented as accreditation and no assistant-directed content; a comparison article names other facilities as reference points but ranks none. No residential price is published, no referral-fee position is published, and the termination clause in the terms is not an admissions policy. A clean sweep with no positive signal gives band 4.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: low
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- A related external domain was not checked for ranking or review content.
Sources (4 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: No price appears on the FAQ; pricing is described only as reflecting the one-to-one attention given.
- Thera Bespoke: A comparison article names other facilities only as reference points and ranks none, and uses no best or top format.
- Thera Bespoke: The terms let the provider terminate a programme deemed unsuitable after it has started, which is a termination clause rather than a policy on declining admissions.
- clinic and group domains, web search: Search of clinic and group domains, web search. Scope: domains checked therabespoke.com (sitemap index, page sitemap of 12 pages and post sitemap of 26 posts listed; homepage, FAQ, team, treatments, experience, who-benefits, book-consultation, terms and conditions, client stories and five articles opened; /llms.txt returns 404), paultanner.co.... Result: sweep recorded; outcome per the C6 V elements.
- C7 Transparency toward the client · 3
Two transparency elements are met: payment and refund terms (full payment before the start, no refunds once the programme has begun) and a statement of limits (no outcome guaranteed, not a substitute for medical or psychiatric treatment). The terms name the operating entity without a company number or registered address. The page sitemap lists no privacy notice, complaints page or licence page, and no fee schedule, ownership, inspection result or extension and early-departure fee terms are published. Two elements give band 3; no contradiction deduction applied.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: Fees are paid in full before the start of the programme, and no refunds are offered for any reason once the programme has begun.
- Thera Bespoke: The terms name the operating entity without a company number or registered address, and state that no specific outcome or result can be guaranteed.
- Thera Bespoke: The page sitemap lists no privacy notice, complaints page or licence page.
- C8 Track record and regulator standing · 5
No final regulator, court or tribunal finding and no inspection record was found, and no allegation is recorded. Testimonials on the clinic's site are attributed by initials only with no third-party review links, and there is no first-hand bylined reporting from inside the facility. The site is live and maintained, with a homepage last modified on 18 August 2026. This is the 'not published' band 5.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: low
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- A third-party directory labels the clinic as closed; this was not relied on and operating status remains a data gap.
Sources (8 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: The client stories page carries testimonials attributed by initials only, with no third-party review links.
- Thera Bespoke: The post sitemap's earliest dated content is from 2024, and the site footer carries a 2024 copyright line while the site publishes 2026-dated content.
- Thera Bespoke: The page sitemap shows the homepage last modified on 18 August 2026, so the site is live and maintained.
- Kemenkes SATUSEHAT Platform fasyankes list (facilities registered in Ditjen Yankes DFO/SIRS/REG FASYANKES that are active SATUSEHAT users): Search of Kemenkes SATUSEHAT Platform fasyankes list (facilities registered in Ditjen Yankes DFO/SIRS/REG FASYANKES that are active SATUSEHAT users). Scope: register entry for the clinic or its operator (last inspection). Result: no record found.
- general web search: Search of a general web search engine. Scope: "Thera Bespoke" OR "Thera Rehabilitation" rehab lawsuit OR court OR regulator. Result: no record found.
- general web search: Search of a general web search engine. Scope: Thera Bespoke Ubud rehab closed putusan OR pengadilan OR lawsuit. Result: no record found.
- press and news search: Search of press and news search. Scope: first-hand bylined reporting from inside the facility, last 5 years. Result: no record found.
- statutory regulator records: Search of statutory regulator records. Scope: inspection history and grades of this site. Result: no record found.
- C9 Environment, safety and nutrition · 3
C9 is the mean of a housing sub-band of 3 and a nutrition sub-band of 2, which rounds half up to 3. Housing meets only named residence service roles (an Executive Concierge and guest services) and a family visit arrangement. The villa is in a 'secret location in Bali', so no address and no emergency department distance from the place of care can be established. Meals are described as a fresh Balinese menu prepared by a chef, with no nutrition professional, assessment, plan method or monitoring, which caps nutrition at 2.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: low
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- The residence address is withheld, so emergency access cannot be assessed.
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: An Executive Concierge and a guest services role are named as residence staff.
- Thera Bespoke: The villa is described as set in a secret location in Bali, so no address and no emergency department travel time can be established.
- Thera Bespoke: Meals are described as a gourmet Balinese menu with organic, locally sourced ingredients prepared freshly each day. The only food role named is a chef, and no nutrition professional appears on the roster.
- C10 Clinical seniority and academic standing · 1
The roster is published, but no named clinician's credential is confirmed on any register and no registration number is published. The Indonesian medical register check could not be completed without further personal data, and the Spanish psychologists' council offers no public register search for the clinical lead. The clinical lead and the consultants state practices or posts elsewhere with no time share at this site, so all are non-core. The verified score is zero, which is band 1.
ProvisionalA check was still open when the edition closed, for example a register lookup or a video not yet received, or evidence under embargo.: Clinician register lookups for this criterion were still open at the edition cut-off (see known_gaps). The points count as assessed on the evidence available; the band may change when the lookups are completed, which is resolved in a later edition.
ConfidenceHow well the evidence supports the score.: medium
Known gapsFacts the assessment needed but could not establish.:- Register verification was blocked by the design of the Indonesian and Spanish registers, not by a negative result.
Sources (3 cited items):- Thera Bespoke: The Clinical Director is published with Spanish and United Kingdom psychology degrees, a private practice visiting guests worldwide and a long association with another clinic abroad. No registration or licence is stated.
- kki.go.id: The Indonesian medical register doctor check was attempted on 15 September 2026 for the named physicians and cannot be completed without a person: the form requires an image challenge before any result is returned.
- cop.es: The Spanish psychologists' council offers no public register search, so the clinical lead's psychology registration is not retrievable, and the Spanish physicians' register search was not readable without an interactive session.
Frequently asked questions
What does treatment at Thera Bespoke cost?
Not published. Every page checked, including the homepage, treatments, experience and FAQ pages, omits cost and routes to a consultation booking. The only quantified figures found anywhere are third-party directory figures that conflict with each other, and neither is a number the operator has committed to publicly, so neither is carried here. What the operator describes as provided, without a fee schedule: the villa, up to fifteen hours of one-to-one therapy a week, gourmet meals from organic local ingredients, a personal chef, a chauffeur, concierge services and excursions. The terms require payment in full before the programme starts and state that no refund is given once it has begun. Ask for a written fee schedule with inclusions and exclusions before committing anything.
Where is it and what is the setting?
In a private villa among terraced rice fields near a traditional village north of Ubud, in central Bali. The operator does not publish the address, describing the property only as a secret location and a secluded private villa in a peaceful village, so no property can be independently located. Denpasar and its hospitals are roughly an hour or more away depending on traffic, and the operator publishes no hospital arrangement, no on-site physician and no transfer protocol. The setting gives direct access to volcano treks, rice-field walks, water temples, surfing, diving on the coast and work with local artists.
Who is the clinic designed for?
High-net-worth individuals and senior executives recovering from burnout, substance use disorders, behavioural addictions, trauma and depression, who want the whole programme delivered one to one with no group work at any point. It is best understood as a secondary or consolidation setting rather than an acute one: the operator recommends four to six weeks for clients arriving substance-free and runs a distinct programme for people who have already completed primary treatment elsewhere. It does not claim to treat psychosis, bipolar I, severe eating disorders or anything requiring hospital-level medical stabilisation, and no medical detoxification protocol is published.
How does admission work and how long is the wait?
Contact is by enquiry form or phone, followed by a complimentary video assessment to determine whether the programme fits. The operator does not say who conducts that assessment and does not describe it as a psychiatric, medical or psychological assessment. No admission timeline and no waiting time is published, so how quickly a place opens is not knowable from public sources. Because one guest occupies the villa and the recommended stay is four to six weeks, availability is genuinely constrained by whoever is currently in residence. Ask for the next available start date in writing, together with confirmation of the operating status of the facility.
What happens after discharge?
Follow-up Zoom therapy sessions are described as built into the treatment cost, alongside top-up visits, family support sessions and mutual support groups. The operator also runs an explicit Ongoing Care and Recovery programme, usable either as continuation after a stay or as a standalone engagement for people who completed primary treatment elsewhere. Against that, no aftercare duration or minimum is published, no written discharge plan is described, it is not stated whether the same team continues, and no post-discharge psychiatric review or medication management is published. Establish the aftercare arrangement explicitly before admission.