Privacy and media law: Germany
As of 2026-10-05.
Medical confidentiality
Doctors, licensed psychologists, recognised addiction counsellors and their staff who reveal a patient's secrets without legal basis face up to one year in prison or a fine, two years if done for payment or to cause harm [1]. The physicians' code, once adopted by a state medical chamber, adds a duty of silence that outlasts the patient's death [2].
Health data
Under GDPR Article 9, health data may be processed only on narrow grounds, such as treatment by staff bound by secrecy [3]. Section 22 BDSG requires safeguards such as access limits and encryption [4]. Fines can reach EUR 20 million or 4% of turnover [3].
Photographs
Publishing someone's picture needs consent [5]. Images from "contemporary history" are exempt, unless publication harms a legitimate interest of the person shown [6]. Photographing someone inside a home or other protected space, or in a helpless state, can bring up to two years in prison [7]. In the Caroline von Hannover cases, Germany's Constitutional Court protected public figures in secluded places [8]; the European Court of Human Rights asks whether a photo serves a debate of general interest and how it was taken [9][10].
Remedies
Courts can stop publication quickly by preliminary injunction (einstweilige Verfügung) [11][12]. State press laws grant a free right to a factual counter-statement (Bavaria cited as example) [13]. Damages require a serious violation not remediable otherwise [14]. The Press Code treats physical and mental illness as private, not reported without consent as a rule [15].
What this means in practice
German law offers strong remedies after the fact, but cannot stop a long-lens photograph or a leak in advance. A clinic's setup, such as one client per residence and private arrival, matters as much as the statutes.
Sources
- Section 203 StGB (Verletzung von Privatgeheimnissen), Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__203.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- (Muster-)Berufsordnung für die in Deutschland tätigen Ärztinnen und Ärzte (MBO-Ä), Stand Mai 2026, §9 Schweigepflicht and note on legal effect, Bundesärztekammer, https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BAEK/Themen/Recht/2026-06-18_Bek_BAEK_MBO-AE.pdf, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), Articles 9 and 83(5), EUR-Lex, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Section 22 BDSG (Verarbeitung besonderer Kategorien personenbezogener Daten), Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bdsg_2018/__22.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Section 22 KunstUrhG, Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kunsturhg/__22.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Section 23 KunstUrhG, Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kunsturhg/__23.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Section 201a StGB (Verletzung des höchstpersönlichen Lebensbereichs und von Persönlichkeitsrechten durch Bildaufnahmen), Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__201a.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- BVerfG, judgment of 15 December 1999, 1 BvR 653/96 (Caroline von Monaco), Bundesverfassungsgericht, https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/1999/12/rs19991215_1bvr065396.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- ECtHR, Von Hannover v. Germany, no. 59320/00, judgment of 24 June 2004, HUDOC, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-61853, accessed 2026-10-05.
- ECtHR (Grand Chamber), Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2), nos. 40660/08 and 60641/08, judgment of 7 February 2012, HUDOC, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-109029, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Section 935 ZPO, Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/zpo/__935.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Section 940 ZPO, Federal Ministry of Justice, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/zpo/__940.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Art. 10 Bayerisches Pressegesetz (Gegendarstellung), Bavarian State Chancellery (BAYERN.RECHT), https://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayPrG-10, accessed 2026-10-05.
- BVerfG, order of 19 May 2023, 2 BvR 78/22, para. 26 (summarising civil-court case law on Geldentschädigung), Bundesverfassungsgericht, https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2023/05/rk20230519_2bvr007822.html, accessed 2026-10-05.
- Pressekodex, Ziffer 8 and Richtlinie 8.6 (Erkrankungen), Deutscher Presserat, https://www.presserat.de/pressekodex.html, accessed 2026-10-05.